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Cover image for the 2023 P5 Report. An illustration of a blue and purple light coming out of a black hole. Two light beams are jutting out from the center toward the edges of the frame. The beam on the left is filled with moving blue orbs and the beam on the right is filled with two larger orbs containing small galaxy depictions. Telescopes at the South Pole against starry skies. NGC 520, one of the largest and brightest galaxies in the Siena Galaxy Atlas. Brian Quiter (left) and Kushant Patel test the physical coupling of a radiation imaging system with a Boston Dynamics Spot Robot. This artist’s rendering shows LuSEE-Night atop the Blue Ghost spacecraft scheduled to deliver the experiment to the far side of the moon. The newly upgraded Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) at the Department of Energy’s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. Looped GIF of wire winding. Members of the team that conducted the research in the Lab. A 3D map of space, with streams of light pointing in different directions from a central focal point. Researchers took detailed images in 20 different directions on the sky, creating a 3D map of 700,000 objects and covering roughly 1% of the total volume DESI will study. Reed Teyber, a research scientist, works a device he developed for measuring high-temperature superconducting magnets, at a machine shop in Building 58 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. A digital illustration showing red virus particles each with a geometrically shaped capsule, stalk, and leg-like appendages attached to the surface of a green bacterium.